@slide(layout=chapter-slide)

@title
Special characters


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Spaces

@content
*	normal space dividing words: <kbd>space bar</kbd>
*	non-breaking space: `~`
*	thin space: `\,`
*	many other widths available

``` {.hljs .lang-tex}
Thin spaces are used in abbreviations
and before units, e.\,g., 10\,s.
Normal-width non-breaking spaces can help
keep honorary titles and names on one
line: Dr.~Fooboar.
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/spaces-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
English and French spacing

@content
In English, LaTeX uses the old-fashioned *English&nbsp;spacing,* i.&thinsp;e., double sentence spacing.

++ If you want to be more modern, you can use `\frenchspacing` above your first paragraph. `\nonfrenchspacing` goes back to default.

++ If you actually use *English&nbsp;spacing,* LaTeX will still try and put normal word spacing after abbreviations. However, you should check the results and intervene where needed by

*	++ forcing normal spaces: `.\␣`
*	++ manually ending sentences: `\@.␣`

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/french-spacing-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Hyphens and dashes

@content
<table>
  <tr>
	<th></th>
	<th>Name</th>
	<th>Use</th>
	<th>Code</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>-</td>
	<td>Hyphen</td>
	<td>compound-forming hyphen</td>
	<td>`-`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>–</td>
	<td>En dash *(Halbgeviert&shy;strich)*</td>
	<td>a dash – or a range: 12&hairsp;–&hairsp;2 p.m.</td>
	<td>`--`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>—</td>
	<td>Em dash *(Geviertstrich)*</td>
	<td>a dash&hairsp;—&hairsp;mostly in American English</td>
	<td>`---`</td>
  </tr>
</table>

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/hyphens-and-dashes-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Hyphenation

@content
Most of the time, LaTeX hyphenates words correctly, if the correct language is configured. But you can also intervene manually:

<table>
  <tr>
	<td>Exclusive hyphenation</td>
	<td>`\-`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Additional hyphenation</td>
	<td>`"-`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Hyphen (suppressing other hyphenation)</td>
	<td>`-`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Hyphen (allowing other hyphenation)</td>
	<td>`"=`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Possible separation without hyphen</td>
	<td>`""`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Non-breaking hyphen</td>
	<td>`"~`</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p data-category="Caution!">Some of the codes only work when you use the `babel` package.</p>

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/hyphenation-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Quotation marks

@content
<table>
  <tr>
	<th>Language</th>
	<th style="text-align: center;">Command</th>
	<th style="text-align: center;">Result</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>English (B.&thinsp;E.)</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;"><code> \`…\' </code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‘&hairsp;…&hairsp;’</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>&emsp;2nd Level</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;"><code>\`\`…\'\'</code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">“&hairsp;…&hairsp;”</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>English (A.&thinsp;E.)</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;"><code>\`\`…\'\'</code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">“&hairsp;…&hairsp;”</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>&emsp;2nd Level</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;"><code> \`…\' </code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‘&hairsp;…&hairsp;’</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>German</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">`\glqq … \grqq`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">„&hairsp;…&hairsp;“</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>&emsp;2nd Level</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">` \glq … \grq `</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‚&hairsp;…&hairsp;‘</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>German altern.</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">`\frqq … \flqq`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">»&hairsp;…&hairsp;«</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>&emsp;2nd Level</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">` \frq … \flq `</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">›&hairsp;…&hairsp;‹</td>
  </tr>
</table>

Other rules my apply for other languages, but most of the time it’s the same characters, only combined differently.


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Quotes

@content
The `csquotes` package provides, amongst others, the command `\enquote`.

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\enquote{A \enquote{nested}
quote.}
```

When included with `autostyle=true`, foreign-language quotes use the according quotation marks:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\foreignquote{ngerman}{Ein deutsches
Zitat.}
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/quotes-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Diacritics

@content
Letters with diacritics can either by typed directly on the keyboard or via escape codes:

<table>
  <tr>
	<td><code>\\\`{o}</code></td><td>ò&emsp;&emsp;</td>
	<td>`\c{c}`</td> <td>ç&emsp;&emsp;</td>
	<td>`\d{u}`</td> <td>ụ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\'{o}`</td> <td>ó</td>
	<td>`\k{a}`</td> <td>ą</td>
	<td>`\r{a}`</td> <td>å</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\^{o}`</td> <td>ô</td>
	<td>`\l{}`</td>  <td>ł</td>
	<td>`\u{o}`</td> <td>ŏ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\"{o}`</td> <td>ö</td>
	<td>`\={o}`</td> <td>ō</td>
	<td>`\v{s}`</td> <td>š</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\H{o}`</td> <td>ő</td>
	<td>`\b{o}`</td> <td>o</td>
	<td>`\t{oo}`</td><td>o͡o</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\~{o}`</td> <td>õ</td>
	<td>`\.{o}`</td> <td>ȯ</td>
	<td>`\o`</td>    <td>ø</td>
  </tr>
</table>


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Special characters  & symbols

@content
The same is true for special characters: They can either be typed directly or created via escape codes and commands:

<table>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">¿</td> <td><code>?\`</code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">¡</td> <td><code>!\`</code></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">^</td> <td>`\textasciicircum`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">~</td> <td>`\textasciitilde`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">＊</td> <td>`\textasteriskcentered`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">\\</td> <td>`\textbackslash`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">|</td> <td>`\textbar`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">∙</td> <td>`\textbullet`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">ⓒ</td> <td>`\textcopyright`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">†</td> <td>`\textdagger`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‡</td> <td>`\textdaggerdbl`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">…</td> <td>`\textellipsis`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">&lt;</td> <td>`\textless`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">&gt;</td> <td>`\textgreater`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‰</td> <td>`\textperthousand`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">§</td> <td>`\textsection`</td>
  </tr>
</table>

… and pretty much anything else.


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Special characters & symbols

@content
### Math mode

Some special characters and symbols require a math environment:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
% greek letters (π Σ δ)
$\pi \Sigma \delta$

% dagger/obelisk/obelus (†)
$\dagger$
```

@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Special characters & symbols

@content
### Detexify to the rescue! <span class="emoji">⛑️</span>
*	Draw symbols and have them recognised:
    [Detexify](http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html)
*	A long list of symbols to use:
    [PDF on the CTAN website](http://tug.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf)


@slide(layout=task)

@task-number
5

@title
Insert special characters

@content
<div class="box warning">
From now on, compile the file `main.tex` to see your changes appear in the script itself (in this task, see section “Übung 5”).
</div>

*	Replace the spaces in `exercises/special-characters.tex` within the abbreviations (“e.&thinsp;g.”, “i.&thinsp;a.”) by **thin spaces**. On top of that, replace the space before the *Euro sign* by a thin space.
*	Replace the hyphens by a **dash** (`--`). 
*	Add an **exclusive hyphenation** in the word *Studierendenausweis* after *Studierenden-*.