@slide(layout=chapter-slide)

@number
2

@title
Basic documents

@slide(layout=wide-content)

@title
Commands

@content
General structure of a command:

``` {.hljs .lang-txt}
\<command>[<optional_parameters>]{<obligatory_parameters>}
```

++ A few examples:

``` {.lang-tex .tex .hljs .fragment}
\newpage % inserts a new page
\textbf{bold text} % formats the text bold
\documentclass[a4paper,12pt,landscape]{article} % configures the document class
\frac{1}{4} % inserts a mathematical fraction
```


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Backslash

@content
Assuming a German keyboard layout, you get the backslash by pressing

<kbd>AltGr</kbd>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<kbd>ß</kbd>&nbsp;(Windows/Linux)

<kbd>Alt</kbd>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<kbd>Shift</kbd>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<kbd>7</kbd>&nbsp;(MacOS)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Preamble & document environment

@content
<p style="text-indent: -1.3em"><span class="emoji">👁</span> Every LaTeX document is composed of</p>

* a **preamble:** global settings (document class, encoding, language, page format, additional packages, …) and
* a **document environment:** content of the document.

``` {.lang-tex .hljs .fragment}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{babel}

\begin{document}
Hello world!
\end{document}
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/hello-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=wide-content)

@title
Document class

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\documentclass[<parameter>]{<document_class>}
```

For example:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\documentclass[10pt,a5paper,landscape]{article}
```


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Encoding

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[t1]{fontenc}
```

* The character encoding determines which characters are available.
* **ASCII** contains no special characters like German umlauts.
* **UTF-8** is a universal encoding.


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Language

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
```

* The package **`babel`** provides language-specific information (e.&thinsp;g., hyphenation, special characters, font changes, translated labels like ‘chapter,’ ‘table of contents’ or ‘figure’).
* **`ngerman`** is the German new spelling.


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Continuous Text

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
Continous text can be written directly ↲
in the source code. ↲
Simple line breaks ↲
are ignored, ↲
just as     multiple space characters. ↲
↲
An empty line creates a new paragraph ↲
which has an indentation by default. ↲
Manual line breaks can be forced ↲
using two backslashes, but this use ↲
is strongly discouraged \\ ↲
within continuous text.
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/paragraphs-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Comments

@content
After a percent sign, the rest of the line is ignored by the compiler. It is called a comment and does not appear in the resulting document.

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
% profile start
Name: Donald Knuth \\
Date of birth: \\ % TODO: insert
Place of birth: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
% profile end
```

Shortcuts: <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>T</kbd> and <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>U</kbd>

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/comments-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview-with-category)

@category
Caution!

@title
Reserved characters

@content
Some characters do things in LaTeX:

`# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \`

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
50% is one half.
```

Solution: prefix with ‘`\`’:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
50\% is one half.
```

Does not work for ‘`\\`’, use `\textbackslash` instead. <span class="fragment">Also: Consider using a thin space between numbers and units (`50\,\%`).</span>

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/reserved-characters-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Sections and chapters

@content
Texts are structured by beeing subdivided in sections and chapters. Always available:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\section{Level 1}
\subsection{Level 2}
\subsubsection{Level 3}
\paragraph{Level 4}
\subparagraph{Level 5}
```

Additionally, for some document classes:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\chapter{Chapter}
\part{Part}
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/sections-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=wide-content)

@title
Title page

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs data-source=title.tex}
\title{The World of Truffles}
\author{Fooboar Rüssel \and Fachschaft WIAI}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\end{document}
```

* The values for the entries are stored in the preamble.
* `\maketitle` typesets the title page within the document environment.
* The exact appearance depends on the document class.
* Multiple authors can be joined with `\and`.
* If no date is given, the current date will be used. A different date can be defined with `\date{}`.


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Front matter

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs data-source=title.tex}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\title{The World of Truffles}
\author{Fooboar Rüssel 
\and Fachschaft WIAI}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}
    \maketitle
    \section{Truffle hunt}
    \subsection{Hunt with a pig}
    \subsection{Hunt without a pig}
    Why would you do that?
    \section{Truffle recipes}
    My favorite recipe
\end{document}
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/title-orig.svg)


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Registers

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\tableofcontents
\listoffigures
\listoftables
```

* automatic numbering
* elements with an asterisk (`*`) are hidden from the register: e.&thinsp;g. `\section*{}`.
* **generally requires two rounds of compilation**


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Table of contents

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs data-source=title.tex}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\begin{document}
    \tableofcontents
    \section{Truffle hunt}
    The first section.
    \subsection{Hunt with a pig}
    A subsection.
    \subsection{Hunt without a pig}
    Another subsection.
    \subsubsection[But why?]{Why would 
    you do that?}
    Sub-subsection.
    \section{Truffle recipes}
    My favorite recipe
\end{document}
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/contents-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=wide-task)

@task-number
3

@title
Structure your document and text

@content
* Open the file `document-structure.tex`. It is located in the directory `exercises/basic-document-structure`. 
* Wrap the entire text in a **document** environment and insert the following **preamble**.

``` {.lang-tex .hljs .fragment}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
```

* In TeXstudio, right click on the file and select “Set as explicit root document.” Next, compile the file.
* As you may already have noticed, **paragraphs** are marked as ‘`\\`’. Use real paragraphs instead.
* Time to structure our document! Use LaTex commands to declare all **headings** (`\section`, `\subsubsection`, etc.).
* Add a **table of contents** to your document.


@slide(layout=extra-wide-content)

@title
Document classes

@content
* There are also other document classes than `article`.
* Based on the document class, the layout of the generated pdf file changes.
* Normally speled classes adhere to American English layout norms.
* **`scr`** document classes usually adhere to European layout norms.

Following document classes are available:

* **`scrartcl`, `article`** for short documents
* **`scrreprt`, `report`** for longer documents
* **`scrbook`, `book`** for books
* **`beamer`** for presentations


@slide(layout=extra-wide-content)

@title
Languages

@content
A document can use multiple languages at once:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\usepackage[ngerman, swedish, ukrainian, greek, english]{babel}
```

To switch languages:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\selectlanguage{<language a>}
\selectlanguage{<language b>}
```

Embedded Text in another language:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\selectlanguage{<language a>}
\foreignlanguage{<language b>}{Text of language B in a Text of language A}
```


@slide(layout=extra-content-and-preview)

@title
Languages&hairsp;—&hairsp;an example

@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\today
\selectlanguage{ngerman}
\today
\selectlanguage{swedish}
\today
\selectlanguage{ukrainian}
\today
\selectlanguage{greek}
\today
\selectlanguage{english}
\today
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/languages-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=extra-content-and-preview)

@title
Headlines and the table of contents

@content
With an asterisk, there is no numbering and no entry in the table of contents:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\section*{No entry in table of contents}
```

You can also provide an alternative title for the table of contents:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\section[Entry in table of contents]
{Actual chapter heading}
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-03/sections-differently-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Before we can continue …

@content
::: {.box .warning}
Finally, **comment out** the preamble, the document environment, and the table of contents.

Only this way, your solution can be embedded in the script itself. (In TeXstudio, comments can be achieved by the shortcut <kbd>Strg</kbd> + <kbd>T</kbd>.)
:::

We will learn in the following chapter why this is the case.