@slide(layout=chapter-slide)

@number
5

@title
Special characters


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Spaces

@content
*	normal space dividing words: <kbd>space bar</kbd>
*	non-breaking space: `~`
*	thin space: `\,`
*	many other widths available

``` {.hljs .lang-tex}
Thin spaces are used in abbreviations
and before units, e.\,g., 10\,s.
Normal-width non-breaking spaces can help
keep honorary titles and names on one
line: Dr.~Fooboar.
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/spaces-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
English and French spacing

@content
In English, LaTeX uses the old-fashioned *English&nbsp;spacing,* i.&thinsp;e., double sentence spacing.

++ If you want to be more modern, you can use `\frenchspacing` above your first paragraph. `\nonfrenchspacing` goes back to default.

++ If you actually use *English&nbsp;spacing,* LaTeX will still try and put normal word spacing after abbreviations. However, you should check the results and intervene where needed by

*	++ forcing normal spaces: `.\␣`
*	++ manually ending sentences: `\@.␣`

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/french-spacing-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Hyphens and dashes

@content
<table>
  <tr>
	<th></th>
	<th>Name</th>
	<th>Use</th>
	<th>Code</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>-</td>
	<td>Hyphen</td>
	<td>compound-forming hyphen</td>
	<td>`-`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>–</td>
	<td>En dash *(Halbgeviert&shy;strich)*</td>
	<td>a dash – or a range: 12&hairsp;–&hairsp;2 p.m.</td>
	<td>`--`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>—</td>
	<td>Em dash *(Geviertstrich)*</td>
	<td>a dash&hairsp;—&hairsp;mostly in American English</td>
	<td>`---`</td>
  </tr>
</table>

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/hyphens-and-dashes-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Hyphenation

@content
Most of the time, LaTeX hyphenates words correctly, if the correct language is configured.
Sometimes, however, manual intervention is necessary.
The different kinds of hyphens that LaTeX offers are described in our script.

<!--
<table>
  <tr>
	<td>Exclusive hyphenation</td>
	<td>`\-`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Additional hyphenation</td>
	<td>`"-`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Hyphen (suppressing other hyphenation)</td>
	<td>`-`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Hyphen (allowing other hyphenation)</td>
	<td>`"=`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Possible separation without hyphen</td>
	<td>`""`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>Non-breaking hyphen</td>
	<td>`"~`</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p data-category="Caution!">Some of the codes only work when you use the `babel` package.</p>
-->

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/hyphenation-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Quotation marks

@content
<table>
  <tr>
	<th>Language</th>
	<th style="text-align: center;">Command</th>
	<th style="text-align: center;">Result</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>English (B.&thinsp;E.)</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;"><code> \`…\' </code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‘&hairsp;…&hairsp;’</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>&emsp;2nd Level</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;"><code>\`\`…\'\'</code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">“&hairsp;…&hairsp;”</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>English (A.&thinsp;E.)</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;"><code>\`\`…\'\'</code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">“&hairsp;…&hairsp;”</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>&emsp;2nd Level</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;"><code> \`…\' </code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‘&hairsp;…&hairsp;’</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>German</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">`\glqq … \grqq`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">„&hairsp;…&hairsp;“</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>&emsp;2nd Level</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">` \glq … \grq `</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‚&hairsp;…&hairsp;‘</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>German altern.</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">`\frqq … \flqq`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">»&hairsp;…&hairsp;«</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>&emsp;2nd Level</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">` \frq … \flq `</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">›&hairsp;…&hairsp;‹</td>
  </tr>
</table>

Other rules my apply for other languages, but most of the time it’s the same characters, only combined differently.


@slide(layout=content-and-preview)

@title
Quotes

@content
The `csquotes` package provides, amongst others, the command `\enquote`.

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\enquote{A \enquote{nested}
quote.}
```

When included with `autostyle=true`, foreign-language quotes use the according quotation marks:

``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\foreignquote{ngerman}{Ein deutsches
Zitat.}
```

@preview
![](svg/chapter-05/quotes-crop.svg)


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Diacritics

@content
Letters with diacritics can either by typed directly on the keyboard or via escape codes:

<table>
  <tr>
	<td><code>\\\`{o}</code></td><td>ò&emsp;&emsp;</td>
	<td>`\c{c}`</td> <td>ç&emsp;&emsp;</td>
	<td>`\d{u}`</td> <td>ụ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\'{o}`</td> <td>ó</td>
	<td>`\k{a}`</td> <td>ą</td>
	<td>`\r{a}`</td> <td>å</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\^{o}`</td> <td>ô</td>
	<td>`\l{}`</td>  <td>ł</td>
	<td>`\u{o}`</td> <td>ŏ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\"{o}`</td> <td>ö</td>
	<td>`\={o}`</td> <td>ō</td>
	<td>`\v{s}`</td> <td>š</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\H{o}`</td> <td>ő</td>
	<td>`\b{o}`</td> <td>o</td>
	<td>`\t{oo}`</td><td>o͡o</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td>`\~{o}`</td> <td>õ</td>
	<td>`\.{o}`</td> <td>ȯ</td>
	<td>`\o`</td>    <td>ø</td>
  </tr>
</table>


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Special characters  & symbols

@content
The same is true for special characters: They can either be typed directly or created via escape codes and commands:

<table>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">¿</td> <td><code>?\`</code></td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">¡</td> <td><code>!\`</code></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">^</td> <td>`\textasciicircum`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">~</td> <td>`\textasciitilde`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">＊</td> <td>`\textasteriskcentered`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">\\</td> <td>`\textbackslash`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">|</td> <td>`\textbar`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">∙</td> <td>`\textbullet`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">ⓒ</td> <td>`\textcopyright`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">†</td> <td>`\textdagger`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‡</td> <td>`\textdaggerdbl`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">…</td> <td>`\textellipsis`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">&lt;</td> <td>`\textless`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">&gt;</td> <td>`\textgreater`</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
	<td style="text-align: center;">‰</td> <td>`\textperthousand`</td>
	<td style="text-align: center;">§</td> <td>`\textsection`</td>
  </tr>
</table>

… and pretty much anything else.


@slide(layout=content-only)

@title
Special characters & symbols

@content
### Detexify to the rescue! <span class="emoji">⛑️</span>
*	A long list of symbols to use:  
    [PDF on the CTAN website](http://tug.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf)
*	Draw symbols and have them recognised:  
    [Detexify](http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html)


@slide(layout=task)

@task-number
5

@title
Insert special characters

@content
<div class="box warning">
From now on, compile the file `main.tex` to see your changes appear in the script itself (in this task, see section “Übung 5”).
</div>

*	Replace the spaces in `exercises/special-characters.tex` within the abbreviations (“e.&thinsp;g.”, “i.&thinsp;a.”) by **thin spaces**.
*	Replace the hyphens separating the opening hours by **en dashes** (`--`), optionally surrounded by thin spaces.
* Add **quotation marks** around the words *Studi-Ticket* and *Studi-Karte* using the `\enquote` command.