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@title
3 Basic structure of a LATEX document
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@title
Preamble & document environment
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👁 Every LaTeX document is composed of
* a **preamble:** global settings (document class, encoding, language, page format, additional packages, …) and
* a **document environment:** content of the document.
``` {.lang-tex .hljs .fragment}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{babel}
\begin{document}
Hello world!
\end{document}
```
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Document class
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\documentclass[]{}
```
For example:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\documentclass[10pt,a5paper,landscape]{scrartcl}
```
- **`scrartcl`, `article`** for short documents
- **`scrreprt`, `report`** for longer documents
- **`scrbook`, `book`** for books
- **`beamer`** for presentations
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Packages
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\usepackage[]{}
```
* Packages provide additional commands and functionalities.
* There are different packages for different use cases (e. g., mathematical formulas, lists, ...).
* Before they can be used, they have to be included **within the preamble.**
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Encoding
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[t1]{fontenc}
```
* ++ The character encoding determines which characters are available.
* ++ **ASCII** contains no special characters like German umlauts.
* ++ **UTF-8** is a universal encoding.
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Language
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
```
* The package **`babel`** provides language-specific information (e. g., hyphenation, special characters, font changes, translated labels like ‘chapter,’ ‘table of contents’ or ‘figure’).
* **`ngerman`** is the German new spelling.
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Languages
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A document can use multiple languages at once:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\usepackage[ngerman, swedish, russian, greek, english]{babel}
```
To switch languages:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\selectlanguage{}
\selectlanguage{}
```
Embedded Text in another language:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\selectlanguage{}
\foreignlanguage{}{Text of language B in a Text of language A}
```
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Languages — an example
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\today
\selectlanguage{ngerman}
\today
\selectlanguage{swedish}
\today
\selectlanguage{russian}
\today
\selectlanguage{greek}
\today
\selectlanguage{english}
\today
```
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Continuous Text
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
Continous text can be written directly ↲
in the source code. ↲
Simple line breaks ↲
are ignored, ↲
just as multiple space characters. ↲
↲
An empty line creates a new paragraph ↲
which has an indentation by default. ↲
Manual line breaks can be forced ↲
using two backslashes, but this use ↲
is strongly discouraged \\ ↲
within continuous text.
```
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Caution!
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Reserved characters
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Some characters do things in LaTeX:
`# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \`
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
50% is one half.
```
Solution: prefix with ‘`\`’:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
50\% is one half.
```
Does not work for ‘`\\`’, we will see a solution for this later.
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Sections and chapters
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Texts are structured by beeing subdivided in sections and chapters. Always available:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\section{Level 1}
\subsection{Level 2}
\subsubsection{Level 3}
\paragraph{Level 4}
\subparagraph{Level 5}
```
Additionally, for some document classes:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\chapter{Chapter}
\part{Part}
```
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Sections and chapters
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With an asterisk, there is no numbering and no entry in the table of contents:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\section*{No entry in table of contents}
```
You can also provide an alternative title for the table of contents:
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\section[Entry in table of contents]
{Actual chapter heading}
```
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Front matter
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs data-source=title.tex}
\title{The World of Truffles}
\author{Fooboar Rüssel \\ Fachschaft WIAI\thanks{WIe AIn Profi},
Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\end{document}
```
* The values for the entries are stored in the preamble.
* `\maketitle` typesets the front matter within the document environment.
* The exact appearance depends on the document class.
* Multiple authors can be joined with `\and`.
* If no date is given, the current date will be used. A different date can be defined with `\date{}`.
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Front matter
@content
``` {.lang-tex .hljs data-source=title.tex}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\title{The World of Truffles}
\author{Fooboar Rüssel \\ Fachschaft
WIAI\thanks{WIe AIn Profi},
Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{Truffle hunt}
\subsection{Hunt with a pig}
\subsection{Hunt without a pig}
Why would you do that?
\section{Truffle recipes}
My favorite recipe
\end{document}
```
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Table of contents
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\tableofcontents
```
* automatic numbering
* very configurable (enumeration characters and depth, automatic naming, …)
* chapters and (sub-)sections with an asterisk (`*`) are hidden from the table of contents: e. g. `\section*{}`.
* generally requires two rounds of compilation
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Table of contents
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs data-source=title.tex}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\section{Truffle hunt}
The first section.
\subsection{Hunt with a pig}
A subsection.
\subsection{Hunt without a pig}
Another subsection.
\subsubsection[But why?]
{Why would you do that?}
Sub-subsection.
\section{Truffle recipes}
My favorite recipe
\end{document}
```
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Other indices
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List of figures and list of tables
``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
\listoffigures
\listoftables
```
* inserts the corresponding index wherever it is called
* lists the caption of each figure or table by default, but you can also state a special list entry
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3
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Structure your document and text
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* Open the file `document-structure.tex`. It is located in the directory `exercises/basic-document-structure`.
* Wrap the entire text in a **document** environment and insert the following **preamble**. Compile the document.
``` {.lang-tex .hljs .fragment}
\documentclass{scrartcl}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
```
* As you may already have noticed, **paragraphs** are marked as ‘`\\`’. Use real paragraphs instead.
* Time to structure our document! Use LaTex commands to declare all **headings** (`\section`, `\subsubsection`, etc.).
* Add a **table of contents** to your document.
* Finally, **comment out** the preamble, the document environment, and the table of contents. Only this way, your solution can be embedded in the script itself (In TeXstudio, comments can be achieved by the shortcut Ctrl+T).