Procedure of this workshop

Goal: You are going to build your own little
LaTeX manual based on our LaTeX Script.

• learning by doing
• understanding how LaTeX works
• details can be looked up later

Origin

• Donald Knuth, 1977–1986: typesetting system TeXτεχ → /tɛç, tɛx, tɛk/ for The Art of Computer Programming
• Leslie Lamport, from 1980s: software package LaTeX made TeX easier to use

WYSIWhat?

What You See Is What You Get

• Formatting with immediate visual feedback

Image source: xkcd

Preamble & document environment

👁 Every LaTeX document is composed of

• a preamble: global settings (document class, encoding, language, page format, additional packages, …) and
• a document environment: content of the document.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{babel}

\begin{document}
Hello world!
\end{document}

Continuous Text

Continous text can be written directly ↲
in the source code. ↲
Simple line breaks ↲
are ignored, ↲
just as     multiple space characters. ↲
↲
An empty line creates a new paragraph ↲
which has an indentation by default. ↲
Manual line breaks can be forced ↲
using two backslashes, but this use ↲
is strongly discouraged \\ ↲
within continuous text.

Comments

After a percent sign, the rest of the line is ignored by the compiler. It is called a comment and does not appear in the resulting document.

% profile start
Name: Donald Knuth \\
Date of birth: \\ % TODO: insert
Place of birth: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
% profile end

Shortcuts: Ctrl + T and Ctrl + U

Reserved characters

Some characters do things in LaTeX:

# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

50% is one half.

Solution: prefix with ‘\’:

50\% is one half.

Does not work for ‘\\’, use \textbackslash instead. Also: Consider using a thin space between numbers and units (50\,\%).

Sections and chapters

Texts are structured by beeing subdivided in sections and chapters. Always available:

\section{Level 1}
\subsection{Level 2}
\subsubsection{Level 3}
\paragraph{Level 4}
\subparagraph{Level 5}

Additionally, for some document classes:

\chapter{Chapter}
\part{Part}

Front matter

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\title{The World of Truffles}
\author{Fooboar Rüssel 
\and Fachschaft WIAI}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}
    \maketitle
    \section{Truffle hunt}
    \subsection{Hunt with a pig}
    \subsection{Hunt without a pig}
    Why would you do that?
    \section{Truffle recipes}
    My favorite recipe
\end{document}

Table of contents

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\begin{document}
    \tableofcontents
    \section{Truffle hunt}
    The first section.
    \subsection{Hunt with a pig}
    A subsection.
    \subsection{Hunt without a pig}
    Another subsection.
    \subsubsection[But why?]{Why would 
    you do that?}
    Sub-subsection.
    \section{Truffle recipes}
    My favorite recipe
\end{document}

Goal

Create a bigger LaTeX project and …

• prevent LaTeX documents from growing monstrously 👹
• keep the overview over the project structure

Main file 👑

• contains basic structure
• includes separate sections with
  \input{path/to/file}

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\title{A Title}
\begin{document}
    \maketitle
    \tableofcontents
    \input{section1.tex}
    \input{section2.tex}
\end{document}

File with a section

• contains no preamble
• contains no \begin{document} or \end{document}

\section{This is section 1}
A paragraph about the content 
of section 1.

% …

\section{This is section 2}
A paragraph about the content 
of section 2.

% …

Specifying file paths 👣

• important for \input{}, but later also for other media types
• file and folder structure = tree structure 🌳
• with \input{}, you can specify the path relative to the main file

In LaTeX, you have to use UNIX-style paths. They are separated by a forward slash: path/to/file. We will use those from here on.

Specifying file paths 👣

main-exercises.tex → praeamble.tex

Specifying file paths 👣

main-exercises.tex → basic-document-structure.tex (in a subfolder)

./content/basic-document-structure.tex

Specifying file paths 👣

basic-functionality.tex → graphics.raw.tex

(basic-functionality.tex is imported into main-exercises.tex)

Spaces

• Use thin spaces (\,) and non-breaking spaces (~), where appropriate.

Thin spaces are used in abbreviations
and before units, e.\,g., 10\,s.
Normal-width non-breaking spaces can help
keep honorary titles and names on one
line: Dr.~Fooboar.

• Use french spacing (\frenchspacing) to avoid giant gaps after full stops.

Hyphens and dashes

Quotes

The csquotes package provides, amongst others, the command \enquote.

\enquote{A \enquote{nested}
quote.}

When included with autostyle=true, foreign-language quotes use the according quotation marks:

\foreignquote{ngerman}{Ein deutsches
Zitat.}

Emphases

• semantical emphasis with \emph{}
• optical highlighting options:

URLs

The hyperref package provides an \url{} command that reproduces URLs

• letter by letter
• using line breaks without hyphens
• using a font with well-distinguishable characters
• as a clickable link in the PDF.

\url{https://www.latex-project.org/}

With \href{}{}, the URL is hidden in an interactive link.

\href{https://latex-project.org/news/}{blog}

Unordered lists 📜

\begin{itemize}
    \item lasagna noodles
    \item crushed tomatoes, % …
    \item oregano, basil, % …
    \item mozzarella cheese
    \item flour
    \item milk
\end{itemize}

We mark each bullet point with \item. This pattern is the same for all kinds of enumerations.

Ordered and definition lists

\begin{enumerate}
  \item cook onions over medium % …
  \item add crushed tomatoes, carrots % …
  \item add herbs and spices % …
  % \item …
\end{enumerate}

\begin{description}
  \item [Béchamel sauce] Béchamel % …
  \item [Lasagne] Lasagne (singular % …
\end{description}

Nested lists

\begin{itemize}
  % …
  \item vegetables \begin{itemize}
    \item crushed tomatoes
    \item carrots
  \end{itemize}
  \item herbs \begin{enumerate}
    \item oregano
    \item basil
  \end{enumerate}
  % …
\end{itemize}

Formula environments 🧮

$2 \sqrt{\frac{\pi^2}{3} \cdot c_2}$

Mathematical formulas are only accepted in the so-called math mode. In-line formulas must therefor be guarded by two dollar signs. We can also use the equation block environment:

\begin{equation}
  2 \sqrt{\frac{\pi^2}{3} \cdot c_2}
\end{equation}

Packages: amsmath, amsthm, amssymb, mathtools

Aligning a group of equations

The align environment permits us to align equations at certain positions like the ‘ = ’ character.

\begin{align}
  13 \cdot (4a - 3)^2 &= 13 … \\
      &= 208a^2 - 312a + 117
\end{align}

• The equations will be aligned with respect to the ampersands (‘&’).
• We can mark a new line using ‘\\’.
• align and equation will not be numbered if we add an asterisk after their names (e. g. \begin{align*} and \end{align*}).

Column definitions

\begin{tabular}{lrcl}
    % table content
\end{tabular}

Vertical separator lines and double horizontal lines are frowned upon by typographers and should be avoided.

Table content

\begin{tabular}{lll}
    \toprule
    Column 1 & Column 2 & Column 3    \\
    \midrule
    Content a & Content b & Content c \\
    Content e & Content f & Content g \\
    Content i & Content j & Content k \\
    \bottomrule
\end{tabular}

• Columns are separated by ’&’.
• Rows are ended by ‘\\’.
• \toprule, \midrule and \bottomrule structure the table.

Footnotes 📎

Footnotes are automatically numbered consecutively, independent of sections.

The wild boar (\textit{Sus scrofa}), also 
known as the wild swine, common wild pig, 
or simply wild pig, is a suid native to 
much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has 
been introduced to the Americas and Oceania.
\footnote{\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Wild_boar}}

Cross-references

Manually (just don’t!)

As you can see in Figure 23, …

Using the \ref command:

\begin{figure}[H]
    \includegraphics % …
    \caption{Our mascot Fooboar}
    \label{fig:fooboar}
\end{figure}

As you can see in Figure 
\ref{fig:fooboar}, …

Cross-references

Using the cleveref package (with one ‘r’!):

\begin{figure}[H]
    \includegraphics % …
    \caption{Our mascot Fooboar}
    \label{fig:fooboar}
\end{figure}

Fooboar is a young and highly committed
boar (see \Cref{fig:fooboar}).

The \cref command automatically inserts suitable prefixes.

In-situ listings

The listings package provides a dedicated environment:

\section*{Haskell Magic}
Squares of all even % …
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Haskell]
[x^2 | x <- [1..200], even x]
\end{lstlisting}

External source code

Conveniently, listings offers an import command:

\section*{Simple Java Application}
\lstinputlisting[language=Java]{Test.java}

public class Test {
    public static void main(/*…*/) {
        System.out.println(/*…*/);
    }
}

An example

\usepackage[style=authoryear, 
maxnames=3, 
minnames=1, 
nohashothers=true, 
dashed=false, 
url=false, 
backend=biber]{biblatex}

An exemplary reference in the citation style above:

… in parentheses \parencite{thatcher2002} 
or simply as \textcite{thatcher2002} …

Creating an index

\usepackage{makeidx}
\makeindex
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{What is LaTeX\index{LaTeX}?}
LaTeX\index{LaTeX} is a typesetting
system\index{Typesetting system}.
\newpage \section{TeX\index{TeX} vs.
LaTeX\index{LaTeX}} It is based on
TeX\index{TeX}, an invention by 
Donald Knuth\index{Knuth, Donald}.
As TeX\index{TeX} is way more complex
syntactically than LaTeX\index{LaTeX},
LaTeX\index{LaTeX} is much more 
popular.
\printindex

Designing presentation slides

For slides, there is the beamer document class, as well as numerous templates and themes.

\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{Frankfurt}
\usecolortheme{seahorse}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

\begin{document}
\begin{frame} 
    \frametitle{Lemon sorbet}
    \framesubtitle{Incarnation of good?}
    \begin{definition}
        A lemon sorbet is a
        semi-frozen \textbf{dessert}
        on \textit{lemon} base.
    \end{definition}
\end{frame}
\end{document}

Drawing images

TikZ (“TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm” — “TikZ is no drawing software”) is a powerful package for drawing vector graphics.

% …
\tikzstyle{every node}=[draw=black,thick,anchor=west]
\tikzstyle{selected}=[draw=red,fill=red!30]
\tikzstyle{dir}=[fill=gray!50]
\tikzstyle{relativeTo}=[fill=blue!70]
\begin{tikzpicture}[%
grow via
three points={one child at (0.5,-0.7) and
two children at
(0.5,-0.7) and (0.5,-1.4)},
edge from
parent path={(\tikzparentnode.south)
 |- (\tikzchildnode.west)}]
\node {/ or C:}
child { node {home}
  child { node {knut}
    child { node {pictures}}
    child { node {docs}
      child { node [dir] {latex}
        child { node [relativeTo] {main.tex}
        child { node [selected] {part1.tex}
      }
    }
  }
};
\end{tikzpicture}

Linguistics

The qtree package can render constituent-based parse trees:

\Tree [.S [.NP LaTeX ]
[.VP [.V is ] [.NP fun ] ] ]

Mathematical proofs

Logical tableaux can be renderd using the prftree package.

\begin{displaymath}
\prftree[l,r]{}{[comp$\_{ns}$]}
{
  \prftree[l,r]{}{[comp$\_{ns}$]}
  {
    \prftree[l,r]{}{[ass$\_{ns}$]}
    {
      -
    }
    {
      (\texttt{m:=a}, \sigma\_{\bot,\bot})
      \rightarrow \sigma\_{48,\bot}
    }
  }
  {
    \prftree[l,r]{}{[ass$\_{ns}$]}
    {
      -
    }
    {
      (\texttt{n:=b}, \sigma\_{48,\bot})
      \rightarrow \sigma\_{48,18}
    }
  }
  {
    (\texttt{m:=a; n:=b}, \sigma\_{\bot,\bot})
    \rightarrow \sigma\_{48,18}
  }
}
{
  \prftree[l,r]{}{}
  {
    \dots
  }
  {
    \textbf{[1]}\ (\texttt{LOOP}, \sigma\_{48,18})
    \rightarrow \sigma\_{6,6}
  }
}
{
  (\texttt{m:=a; n:=b; LOOP}, \sigma\_{\bot,\bot})
  \rightarrow \sigma\_{6,6}
}
\end{displaymath}