347 lines
8.0 KiB
Markdown
347 lines
8.0 KiB
Markdown
@slide(layout=chapter-slide)
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@title
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5 Special characters
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@slide(layout=content-and-preview)
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@title
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Spaces
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@content
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* normal space dividing words: <kbd>space bar</kbd>
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* non-breaking space: `~`
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* thin space: `\,`
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* many other widths available
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``` {.hljs .lang-tex}
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Thin spaces are used in abbreviations
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and before units, e.\,g., 10\,s.
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Normal-width non-breaking spaces can help
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keep honorary titles and names on one
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line: Dr.~Fooboar.
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```
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@preview
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@slide(layout=content-and-preview)
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@title
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English and French spacing
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@content
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In English, LaTeX uses the old-fashioned *English spacing,* i. e., double sentence spacing.
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++ If you want to be more modern, you can use `\frenchspacing` above your first paragraph. `\nonfrenchspacing` goes back to default.
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++ If you actually use *English spacing,* LaTeX will still try and put normal word spacing after abbreviations. However, you should check the results and intervene where needed by
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* ++ forcing normal spaces: `.\␣`
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* ++ manually ending sentences: `\@.␣`
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@preview
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@slide(layout=content-and-preview)
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@title
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Hyphens and dashes
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@content
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<table>
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<tr>
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<th></th>
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<th>Name</th>
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<th>Use</th>
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<th>Code</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>Hyphen</td>
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<td>compound-forming hyphen</td>
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<td>`-`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>–</td>
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<td>En dash *(Halbgeviert­strich)*</td>
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<td>a dash – or a range: 12 – 2 p.m.</td>
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<td>`--`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>—</td>
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<td>Em dash *(Geviertstrich)*</td>
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<td>a dash — mostly in American English</td>
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<td>`---`</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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@preview
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@slide(layout=content-and-preview)
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@title
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Hyphenation
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@content
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Most of the time, LaTeX hyphenates words correctly, if the correct language is configured.
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Sometimes, however, manual intervention is necessary.
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The different kinds of hyphens that LaTeX offers are described in our script.
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<!--
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td>Exclusive hyphenation</td>
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<td>`\-`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Additional hyphenation</td>
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<td>`"-`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Hyphen (suppressing other hyphenation)</td>
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<td>`-`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Hyphen (allowing other hyphenation)</td>
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<td>`"=`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Possible separation without hyphen</td>
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<td>`""`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>Non-breaking hyphen</td>
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<td>`"~`</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p data-category="Caution!">Some of the codes only work when you use the `babel` package.</p>
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-->
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@preview
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@slide(layout=content-only)
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@title
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Quotation marks
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@content
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<table>
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<tr>
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<th>Language</th>
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<th style="text-align: center;">Command</th>
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<th style="text-align: center;">Result</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>English (B. E.)</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;"><code> \`…\' </code></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">‘ … ’</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> 2nd Level</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;"><code>\`\`…\'\'</code></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">“ … ”</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>English (A. E.)</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;"><code>\`\`…\'\'</code></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">“ … ”</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> 2nd Level</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;"><code> \`…\' </code></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">‘ … ’</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>German</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">`\glqq … \grqq`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">„ … “</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> 2nd Level</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">` \glq … \grq `</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">‚ … ‘</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>German altern.</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">`\frqq … \flqq`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">» … «</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> 2nd Level</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">` \frq … \flq `</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">› … ‹</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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Other rules my apply for other languages, but most of the time it’s the same characters, only combined differently.
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@slide(layout=content-and-preview)
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@title
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Quotes
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@content
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The `csquotes` package provides, amongst others, the command `\enquote`.
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
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\enquote{A \enquote{nested}
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quote.}
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```
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When included with `autostyle=true`, foreign-language quotes use the according quotation marks:
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
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\foreignquote{ngerman}{Ein deutsches
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Zitat.}
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```
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@preview
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@slide(layout=content-only)
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@title
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Diacritics
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@content
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Letters with diacritics can either by typed directly on the keyboard or via escape codes:
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td><code>\\\`{o}</code></td><td>ò  </td>
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<td>`\c{c}`</td> <td>ç  </td>
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<td>`\d{u}`</td> <td>ụ</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>`\'{o}`</td> <td>ó</td>
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<td>`\k{a}`</td> <td>ą</td>
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<td>`\r{a}`</td> <td>å</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>`\^{o}`</td> <td>ô</td>
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<td>`\l{}`</td> <td>ł</td>
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<td>`\u{o}`</td> <td>ŏ</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>`\"{o}`</td> <td>ö</td>
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<td>`\={o}`</td> <td>ō</td>
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<td>`\v{s}`</td> <td>š</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>`\H{o}`</td> <td>ő</td>
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<td>`\b{o}`</td> <td>o</td>
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<td>`\t{oo}`</td><td>o͡o</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>`\~{o}`</td> <td>õ</td>
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<td>`\.{o}`</td> <td>ȯ</td>
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<td>`\o`</td> <td>ø</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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@slide(layout=content-only)
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@title
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Special characters & symbols
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@content
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The same is true for special characters: They can either be typed directly or created via escape codes and commands:
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align: center;">¿</td> <td><code>?\`</code></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">¡</td> <td><code>!\`</code></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align: center;">^</td> <td>`\textasciicircum`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">~</td> <td>`\textasciitilde`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align: center;">＊</td> <td>`\textasteriskcentered`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">\\</td> <td>`\textbackslash`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align: center;">|</td> <td>`\textbar`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">∙</td> <td>`\textbullet`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align: center;">ⓒ</td> <td>`\textcopyright`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">†</td> <td>`\textdagger`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align: center;">‡</td> <td>`\textdaggerdbl`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">…</td> <td>`\textellipsis`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align: center;"><</td> <td>`\textless`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">></td> <td>`\textgreater`</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align: center;">‰</td> <td>`\textperthousand`</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;">§</td> <td>`\textsection`</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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… and pretty much anything else.
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@slide(layout=content-only)
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@title
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Special characters & symbols
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@content
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### Math mode
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Some special characters and symbols require a math environment:
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``` {.lang-tex .hljs}
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% greek letters (π Σ δ)
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$\pi \Sigma \delta$
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% dagger/obelisk/obelus (†)
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$\dagger$
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```
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@slide(layout=content-only)
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@title
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Special characters & symbols
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@content
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### Detexify to the rescue! <span class="emoji">⛑️</span>
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* Draw symbols and have them recognised:
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[Detexify](http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html)
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* A long list of symbols to use:
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[PDF on the CTAN website](http://tug.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf)
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@slide(layout=task)
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@task-number
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5
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@title
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Insert special characters
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@content
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<div class="box warning">
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From now on, compile the file `main.tex` to see your changes appear in the script itself (in this task, see section “Übung 5”).
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</div>
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* Replace the spaces in `exercises/special-characters.tex` within the abbreviations (“e. g.”, “i. a.”) by **thin spaces**.
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* Replace the hyphens separating the opening hours by **en dashes** (`--`), optionally surrounded by thin spaces.
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* Add an **exclusive hyphenation** in the word *Studierendenausweis* after *Studierenden-*.
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