latex-wochenende/slides/chapter-05.en.md

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@title Special characters

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@title Spaces

@content

• normal space dividing words: space bar
• non-breaking space: ~
• thin space: \,
• many other widths available

Thin spaces are used in abbreviations
and before units, e.\,g., 10\,s.
Normal-width non-breaking spaces can help
keep honorary titles and names on one
line: Dr.~Fooboar.

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@title English and French spacing

@content In English, LaTeX uses the old-fashioned English spacing, i. e., double sentence spacing.

++ If you want to be more modern, you can use \frenchspacing above your first paragraph. \nonfrenchspacing goes back to default.

++ If you actually use English spacing, LaTeX will still try and put normal word spacing after abbreviations. However, you should check the results and intervene where needed by

• ++ forcing normal spaces: .\␣
• ++ manually ending sentences: \@.␣

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@title Hyphens and dashes

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	Name	Use	Code
-	Hyphen	compound-forming hyphen	`-`
–	En dash *(Halbgeviert­strich)*	a dash – or a range: 12 – 2 p.m.	`--`
—	Em dash *(Geviertstrich)*	a dash — mostly in American English	`---`

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@title Hyphenation

@content Most of the time, LaTeX hyphenates words correctly, if the correct language is configured. But you can also intervene manually:

Exclusive hyphenation	`\-`
Additional hyphenation	`"-`
Hyphen (suppressing other hyphenation)	`-`
Hyphen (allowing other hyphenation)	`"=`
Possible separation without hyphen	`""`
Non-breaking hyphen	`"~`

Some of the codes only work when you use the `babel` package.

@preview

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@title Quotation marks

@content

Language	Command	Result
English (B. E.)	\`…\'	‘ … ’
2nd Level	\`\`…\'\'	“ … ”
English (A. E.)	\`\`…\'\'	“ … ”
2nd Level	\`…\'	‘ … ’
German	`\glqq … \grqq`	„ … “
2nd Level	` \glq … \grq `	‚ … ‘
German altern.	`\frqq … \flqq`	» … «
2nd Level	` \frq … \flq `	› … ‹

Other rules my apply for other languages, but most of the time it’s the same characters, only combined differently.

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@title Quotes

@content The csquotes package provides, amongst others, the command \enquote.

\enquote{A \enquote{nested}
quote.}

When included with autostyle=true, foreign-language quotes use the according quotation marks:

\foreignquote{ngerman}{Ein deutsches
Zitat.}

@preview

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@title Diacritics

@content Letters with diacritics can either by typed directly on the keyboard or via escape codes:

\\\`{o}	ò	`\c{c}`	ç	`\d{u}`	ụ
`\'{o}`	ó	`\k{a}`	ą	`\r{a}`	å
`\^{o}`	ô	`\l{}`	ł	`\u{o}`	ŏ
`\"{o}`	ö	`\={o}`	ō	`\v{s}`	š
`\H{o}`	ő	`\b{o}`	o	`\t{oo}`	o͡o
`\~{o}`	õ	`\.{o}`	ȯ	`\o`	ø

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@title Special characters & symbols

@content The same is true for special characters: They can either be typed directly or created via escape codes and commands:

¿	?\`	¡	!\`
^	`\textasciicircum`	~	`\textasciitilde`
＊	`\textasteriskcentered`	\\	`\textbackslash`
|	`\textbar`	∙	`\textbullet`
ⓒ	`\textcopyright`	†	`\textdagger`
‡	`\textdaggerdbl`	…	`\textellipsis`
<	`\textless`	>	`\textgreater`
‰	`\textperthousand`	§	`\textsection`

… and pretty much anything else.

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@title Special characters & symbols

@content

Math mode

Some special characters and symbols require a math environment:

% greek letters (π Σ δ)
$\pi \Sigma \delta$

% dagger/obelisk/obelus (†)
$\dagger$

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@title Special characters & symbols

@content

Detexify to the rescue! ⛑️

• Draw symbols and have them recognised: Detexify
• A long list of symbols to use: PDF on the CTAN website

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@task-number 5

@title Insert special characters

@content

From now on, compile the file `main.tex` to see your changes appear in the script itself (in this task, see section “Übung 5”).

• Replace the spaces in exercises/special-characters.tex within the abbreviations (“e. g.”, “i. a.”) by thin spaces.
• Replace the hyphens separating the opening hours by en dashes (--), optionally surrounded by thin spaces.
• Add an exclusive hyphenation in the word Studierendenausweis after Studierenden-.